Buddhism is a major world religion founded over 2,500 years ago by Siddhartha Gautama, also known as the Buddha. It is based on his teachings and insights, which revolve around the Four Noble Truths: the existence of suffering, its cause, the possibility of its cessation, and the path to liberation. Buddhism emphasizes the pursuit of enlightenment and inner peace through practices like meditation, ethical conduct, and wisdom. With millions of followers worldwide, Buddhism has had a profound impact on cultures, philosophy, and spirituality across the globe.
Within Buddhism, two major schools have gained prevalence: Mahāyāna and Theravada. Mahāyāna Buddhism, with its developed form known as Vajrayāna, seeks to free all sentient beings from the suffering of birth and death, achieving a state called Nirvana. To attain this goal, Mahāyāna follows the path of the Boddhisattva, individuals aspiring to supreme enlightenment for themselves and others.
The Boddhisattva has a dual purpose: self-protection and benefiting others, which represents the development of Bodhichitta (Bodhi mind). Thus, anyone who cultivates Bodhichitta is considered a bodhisattva. Mahāyāna Buddhism is characterized by its compassionate aspiration for universal salvation, making it known as the great Vehicle to achieve Nirvana and recognized as liberal and progressive.
On the other hand, Theravada Buddhism aims to attain Nirvana through Arahantship, focusing on personal salvation. The foundation of Theravada teachings lies in the “Sutra,” the sermons given by the Buddha in verse, which are considered preliminary teachings. Mahāyāna, in addition to the sutras, draws on the “sastra,” which are elaborate commentaries provided by celestial Bodhisattvas and eminent Buddhist scholars to clarify the sutras’ meanings.
Mahāyāna Buddhism’s comprehensive approach has made it popular worldwide, and it is strongly practiced in various countries like Nepal, India, Tibet, China, Korea, Taiwan, Japan, and others.